3 research outputs found

    Architectural Exploration of KeyRing Self-Timed Processors

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    RÉSUMÉ Les derniĂšres dĂ©cennies ont vu l’augmentation des performances des processeurs contraintes par les limites imposĂ©es par la consommation d’énergie des systĂšmes Ă©lectroniques : des trĂšs basses consommations requises pour les objets connectĂ©s, aux budgets de dĂ©penses Ă©lectriques des serveurs, en passant par les limitations thermiques et la durĂ©e de vie des batteries des appareils mobiles. Cette forte demande en processeurs efficients en Ă©nergie, couplĂ©e avec les limitations de la rĂ©duction d’échelle des transistors—qui ne permet plus d’amĂ©liorer les performances Ă  densitĂ© de puissance constante—, conduit les concepteurs de circuits intĂ©grĂ©s Ă  explorer de nouvelles microarchitectures permettant d’obtenir de meilleures performances pour un budget Ă©nergĂ©tique donnĂ©. Cette thĂšse s’inscrit dans cette tendance en proposant une nouvelle microarchitecture de processeur, appelĂ©e KeyRing, conçue avec l’intention de rĂ©duire la consommation d’énergie des processeurs. La frĂ©quence d’opĂ©ration des transistors dans les circuits intĂ©grĂ©s est proportionnelle Ă  leur consommation dynamique d’énergie. Par consĂ©quent, les techniques de conception permettant de rĂ©duire dynamiquement le nombre de transistors en opĂ©ration sont trĂšs largement adoptĂ©es pour amĂ©liorer l’efficience Ă©nergĂ©tique des processeurs. La technique de clock-gating est particuliĂšrement usitĂ©e dans les circuits synchrones, car elle rĂ©duit l’impact de l’horloge globale, qui est la principale source d’activitĂ©. La microarchitecture KeyRing prĂ©sentĂ©e dans cette thĂšse utilise une mĂ©thode de synchronisation dĂ©centralisĂ©e et asynchrone pour rĂ©duire l’activitĂ© des circuits. Elle est dĂ©rivĂ©e du processeur AnARM, un processeur dĂ©veloppĂ© par Octasic sur la base d’une microarchitecture asynchrone ad hoc. Bien qu’il soit plus efficient en Ă©nergie que des alternatives synchrones, le AnARM est essentiellement incompatible avec les mĂ©thodes de synthĂšse et d’analyse temporelle statique standards. De plus, sa technique de conception ad hoc ne s’inscrit que partiellement dans les paradigmes de conceptions asynchrones. Cette thĂšse propose une approche rigoureuse pour dĂ©finir les principes gĂ©nĂ©raux de cette technique de conception ad hoc, en faisant levier sur la littĂ©rature asynchrone. La microarchitecture KeyRing qui en rĂ©sulte est dĂ©veloppĂ©e en association avec une mĂ©thode de conception automatisĂ©e, qui permet de s’affranchir des incompatibilitĂ©s natives existant entre les outils de conception et les systĂšmes asynchrones. La mĂ©thode proposĂ©e permet de pleinement mettre Ă  profit les flots de conception standards de l’industrie microĂ©lectronique pour rĂ©aliser la synthĂšse et la vĂ©rification des circuits KeyRing. Cette thĂšse propose Ă©galement des protocoles expĂ©rimentaux, dont le but est de renforcer la relation de causalitĂ© entre la microarchitecture KeyRing et une rĂ©duction de la consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique des processeurs, comparativement Ă  des alternatives synchrones Ă©quivalentes.----------ABSTRACT Over the last years, microprocessors have had to increase their performances while keeping their power envelope within tight bounds, as dictated by the needs of various markets: from the ultra-low power requirements of the IoT, to the electrical power consumption budget in enterprise servers, by way of passive cooling and day-long battery life in mobile devices. This high demand for power-efficient processors, coupled with the limitations of technology scaling—which no longer provides improved performances at constant power densities—, is leading designers to explore new microarchitectures with the goal of pulling more performances out of a fixed power budget. This work enters into this trend by proposing a new processor microarchitecture, called KeyRing, having a low-power design intent. The switching activity of integrated circuits—i.e. transistors switching on and off—directly affects their dynamic power consumption. Circuit-level design techniques such as clock-gating are widely adopted as they dramatically reduce the impact of the global clock in synchronous circuits, which constitutes the main source of switching activity. The KeyRing microarchitecture presented in this work uses an asynchronous clocking scheme that relies on decentralized synchronization mechanisms to reduce the switching activity of circuits. It is derived from the AnARM, a power-efficient ARM processor developed by Octasic using an ad hoc asynchronous microarchitecture. Although it delivers better power-efficiency than synchronous alternatives, it is for the most part incompatible with standard timing-driven synthesis and Static Timing Analysis (STA). In addition, its design style does not fit well within the existing asynchronous design paradigms. This work lays the foundations for a more rigorous definition of this rather unorthodox design style, using circuits and methods coming from the asynchronous literature. The resulting KeyRing microarchitecture is developed in combination with Electronic Design Automation (EDA) methods that alleviate incompatibility issues related to ad hoc clocking, enabling timing-driven optimizations and verifications of KeyRing circuits using industry-standard design flows. In addition to bridging the gap with standard design practices, this work also proposes comprehensive experimental protocols that aims to strengthen the causal relation between the reported asynchronous microarchitecture and a reduced power consumption compared with synchronous alternatives. The main achievement of this work is a framework that enables the architectural exploration of circuits using the KeyRing microarchitecture

    Introducing KeyRing self‐timed microarchitecture and timing‐driven design flow

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    ABSTRACT: A self-timed microarchitecture called KeyRing is presented, and a method for implementing KeyRing circuits compatible with a timing-driven electronic design automation (EDA) flow is discussed. The KeyRing microarchitecture is derived from the AnARM, a low-power self-timed ARM processor based on ad hoc design principles. First, the unorthodox design style and circuit structures are revisited. A theoretical model that can support the design of generic circuits and the elaboration of EDA methods is then presented. Also addressed are the compatibility issues between KeyRing circuits and timing-driven EDA flows. The proposed method leverages relative timing constraints to translate the timing relations in a KeyRing circuit into a set of timing constraints that enable timing-driven synthesis and static timing analysis. Finally, two 32-bit RISC-V processors are presented; called KeyV and based on KeyRing microarchitectures, they are synthesized in a 65 nm technology using the proposed EDA flow. Postsynthesis results demonstrate the effectiveness of the design methodology and allow comparisons with a synchronous alternative called SynV. Performance and power consumption evaluations show that KeyV has a power efficiency that lies between SynV with clock-gating and SynV without clock-gating
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